A Short History of Progress

A Short History of Progress
by Ronald Wright

A Short History of Progress
List Price: $14.95
Our Price: $8.47
You Save: $6.48 (43%)
Availability: Usually ships in 1-2 business days
Buy Used: from $1.60 (click here)
Category: Book
See more book details and other editions


or

Book Summary Information

Author: Ronald Wright
Edition: Paperback
Audio: English (Unknown); English (Original Language); English (Published)
Published: 2005-03-10
ISBN: 0786715472
Number of pages: 224
Publisher: Da Capo Press

Book Reviews of A Short History of Progress

Book Review: An outstanding piece of work: eloquent and persuasive
Summary: 5 Stars

The central thesis of this extraordinary little book is that civilization is a pyramid scheme in which the people of the present rob from the people of the future. Like bacteria in a petri dish of nutrients, people multiply until they have overrun and despoiled their resources, and then the population crashes. Historian and novelist Ronald Wright (not to be confused with Robert Wright, author of e.g., The Moral Animal) explores in some fascinating detail examples as ancient as Sumer and as recent as Easter Island and the Americas.

The main resource is arable land which soon or late becomes exhausted. We exhaust the soil with continual planting, or we irrigate the soil until the salt content becomes so high that crops will not grow on it, and then we abandon it to the winds and move on. Or we pave it over with roads and buildings. There are exceptions of course, China and Egypt have maintained continuous civilizations for several millennia, but Wright argues they were able to do this because in the case of Egypt, the Nile continually revitalized the soil and prevented the Egyptians from building on it because of the yearly floods. In the case of China he argues that it was a fortuitous circumstance that allowed the Chinese to grow crop after crop on the same land for century after century because the land had topsoil hundreds of meters thick, blown there by ancient winds. Exhaust one layer, let it blow away. No problem, the next layer is fertile. Not so almost anyplace else in the world.

Wright begins before agriculture, which would be before civilization of course. The hunters and gathers of the Upper Paleolithic period, Wright avers, killed off their way of life in "an all-you-can-kill wildlife barbecue." He explains, "The perfection of hunting spelled the end of hunting as a way of life. Easy meat meant more babies. More babies meant more hunters. More hunters, sooner or later, meant less game." (p. 39) The mastodons, the giant bison, the giant sloth, the great herds of horses...they constituted the nutrients of the petri dish, and the hunters the bacteria.

We are aware that this happened in North America. We have found the bones. And it happened in Russia where great dwellings were constructed from the tusks and bones of the woolly mammoth, hunted to extinction. But Wright points out that this happened in western Europe as well. The cave paintings of the Cro-Magnons "falter and stop. Sculptures and carvings become rare. The flint blades grow smaller, and smaller. Instead of killing mammoth they are shooting rabbits." He adds that the hunters at the end of the Old Stone Age "broke rule one for any prudent parasite: Don't kill off your host. As they drove species after species to extinction, they walked into the first progress trap." (pp. 39-40)

Progress as a trap--that is also Wright's thesis. With the discovery of agriculture and the rise of civilizations, were people better off? Wright answers in the negative, calling agriculture and civilization "a series of seductive steps down a path leading, for most people, to lives of monotony and toil." (p. 47) Elsewhere Wright points out that the bodies of people living in the first agricultural societies were stunted and there was more evidence of malnutrition compared to the bodies of the hunters and gathers. (Too much reliance on a monoculture starchy diet can do that.) They were also smaller in stature, and according to some recent ideas, not as smart. We are domesticated animals. We have domesticated ourselves. (Or, our staple crops have domesticated us.) Domesticated animals are not as smart as wild ones. So it is said.

Wright goes on to cite the experience of the Maya whose civilization collapsed as did that of Sumer and for much the same reasons. He writes, "As the crisis gathered [the crop failures], the response of the rulers was not to seek a new course... No, they dug in their heels and carried on doing what they had always done, only more so. Their solution was higher pyramids, more power to the kings, harder work for the masses, more foreign wars. In modern terms, the Maya elite became extremists, or ultra-conservatives, squeezing the last drops of profit from nature and humanity." (p. 102) Compare this to the infamous story of Easter Island. Almost exactly the same thing happened.

Wright applies this scenario to the modern world. He calls the invention of agriculture "a runaway train, leading to vastly expanded populations but seldom solving the food problem because of two inevitable (or nearly inevitable) consequences. The first is biological: the population grows until it hits the bounds of the food supply. [Which is what is happening today.] The second is social: all civilizations become hierarchical; the upward concentration of wealth ensures that there can never be enough to go around." He adds that the Chinese have an illustrative saying, "A peasant must stand a long time on the hillside with his mouth open before a roast duck flies in." (p. 108)

Referring to the United States, Wright calls our prosperity (the greatest in human history, by the way), a "two-century bubble of freedom and affluence." We tend to think of it as normal and even inevitable, but he calls it "an anomaly: the opposite of what usually happens as civilizations grow. Our age was bankrolled by the seizing of half a planet, extended by taking over most of the remaining half, and has been sustained by spending down new forms of natural capital, especially fossil fuels." (p. 117)

Wright's is an eloquent and persuasive argument. You don't want to miss this book. It is an outstanding piece of work, beautifully written.

Summary of A Short History of Progress

Each time history repeats itself, the cost goes up. The twentieth century?a time of unprecedented progress?has produced a tremendous strain on the very elements that comprise life itself: This raises the key question of the twenty-first century: How much longer can this go on? With wit and erudition, Ronald Wright lays out a-convincing case that history has always provided an answer, whether we care to notice or not. From Neanderthal man to the Sumerians to the Roman Empire, A Short History of Progress dissects the cyclical nature of humanity's development and demise, the 10,000-year old experiment that we've unleashed but have yet to control. It is Wright's contention that only by understanding and ultimately breaking from the patterns of progress and disaster that humanity has repeated around the world since the Stone Age can we avoid the onset of a new Dark Age. Wright illustrates how various cultures throughout history have literally manufactured their own end by producing an overabundance of innovation and stripping bare the very elements that allowed them to initially advance. Wright's book is brilliant; a fascinating rumination on the hubris at the heart of human development and the pitfalls we still may have time to avoid.

No hope, just an awareness of what's being done now and what's been done in the past, is what Ronald Wright will permit in A Short History of Progress, his grim, ammoniacal Massey Lectures, the 43rd in the series. In five lucid, meticulously documented essays, Wright traces the rise and plummet of four regional civilizations--those of Sumer, Rome, Easter Island, and the Maya--and judges that most, perhaps all, of humanity is making and will continue to make mistakes equally disastrous as theirs. He gives general reasons first for not reckoning we'll pull back from the brink. Important among them is an anthropological observation. As individuals, we live long lives. We evolve more slowly than we should, given our lack of vision and our aggressive, selfish nature. We seem to lack the collective wisdom and the insight into cause and effect to realize the limits to what Wright calls the "experiment" of civilization. What Wright calls natural "subsidies" underwrite civilizations' successes. The squandering of those gifts presages inevitable failure, but with careful, canny stewardship, a civilization can manage to muddle through eons. Wright cites Egypt's submission to the limits set by the Nile's annual floods and China's windblown "lump-sum deposit" of topsoil, used for hillside paddies instead of being put to the plough. Wright observes with unrelenting eloquence that our planetary civilization lives precariously, far beyond its means. "Hope drives us to invent new fixes for old messes," he acknowledges, neither claiming nor wanting to be a prophet. We certainly have the tools for change and remediation; we also know what our ancestors did wrong and what happened to them. We're faced, our author observes, with two choices: either do nothing--what he calls "one of the biggest mistakes"--or try to effect "the transition from short-term to long-term thinking." His evidence suggests we're taking the first alternative, which will include a swift, final ride into the dark future on the runaway train of progress. Wright's account tempts one to bet on the rats and roaches. --Ted Whittaker

Early Civilization Books

Book Subjects
Most talked about in Early Civilization Books
Civilization in the West: Since 1300: Ap Edition ImageCivilization in the West: Since 1300: Ap Edition
by Mark A. Kishlansky, Patrick Geary, Patricia O'Brien
Pearson Longman; Published: 2007-06-30; Hardcover; Book
Best price: $15.00
Price in other shops: $130.00
Primary Sources in Western Civilization, Volume 1 for Primary Sources in Western Civilization, Volume 1 (2nd Edition) ImagePrimary Sources in Western Civilization, Volume 1 for Primary Sources in Western Civilization, Volume 1 (2nd Edition)
by US T Pearson
Prentice Hall; Published: 2008-09-20; Paperback; Book
Best price: $15.36
Price in other shops: $25.60
Aspects of Western Civilization: Problems and Sources in History, Volume II (5th Edition) ImageAspects of Western Civilization: Problems and Sources in History, Volume II (5th Edition)
by Perry M. Rogers
Prentice Hall; Published: 2003-06-02; Paperback; Book
Best price: $11.00
Price in other shops: $61.40
The Heritage of World Civilizations: Since 1500 ImageThe Heritage of World Civilizations: Since 1500
by Perry M. Rogers, Albert M. Craig, William A. Graham, Donald Kagan, Steven E. Ozment, Frank M. Turner
Prentice Hall College Div; Published: 1999-10; Paperback; Book
Best price: $3.00
Price in other shops: $27.20
The Heritage of World Civilizations: Since 1500 ImageThe Heritage of World Civilizations: Since 1500
Allyn & Bacon; Published: 1998-06; Paperback; Book
Best price: $51.34
Price in other shops: $57.00
The Heritage of World Civilizations: Vol B : From 1300 Through the French Revolution ImageThe Heritage of World Civilizations: Vol B : From 1300 Through the French Revolution
by Albert M. Craig
Macmillan Coll Div; Published: 1993-11; Paperback; Book
Best price: $8.50
Price in other shops: $45.00
Sumer and the Sumerians ImageSumer and the Sumerians
by Harriet Crawford
Cambridge University Press; Published: 2004-11-08; Hardcover; Book
Best price: $79.00
Price in other shops: $106.00
Sumer and the Sumerians ImageSumer and the Sumerians
by Harriet E. W. Crawford
Cambridge University Press; Published: 1991-04-26; Paperback; Book
Best price: $18.00
Price in other shops: $33.99
Work on Myth (Studies in Contemporary German Social Thought) ImageWork on Myth (Studies in Contemporary German Social Thought)
by Hans Blumenberg
The MIT Press; Published: 1988-03-18; Paperback; Book
Best price: $48.00
Price in other shops: $50.00
A Study of History, Vol. 1: Abridgement of Volumes I-VI ImageA Study of History, Vol. 1: Abridgement of Volumes I-VI
by Arnold J. Toynbee
Oxford University Press, USA; Published: 1987-12-10; Paperback; Book
Best price: $16.93
Price in other shops: $24.95
Similar Books and other products
Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed: Revised Edition ImageCollapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed: Revised Edition
by Jared Diamond
Penguin (Non-Classics); Published: 2011-01-04; Paperback; Book
Best price: $11.07
Price in other shops: $18.00
Children of the Sun:  A History of Humanity's Unappeasable Appetite For Energy ImageChildren of the Sun: A History of Humanity's Unappeasable Appetite For Energy
by Alfred W. Crosby
W.W. Norton & Company; Published: 2006; Paperback; Book
Best price: $145.61
Ishmael: An Adventure of the Mind and Spirit ImageIshmael: An Adventure of the Mind and Spirit
by Daniel Quinn
Bantam; Published: 1995-07-01; Paperback; Book
Best price: $8.94
Price in other shops: $18.00
The World: A History, Volume 1 (to 1500) ImageThe World: A History, Volume 1 (to 1500)
by Felipe Fernandez-Armesto
Prentice Hall; Published: 2006-08-12; Paperback; Book
Best price: $38.95
Price in other shops: $107.20
The Epic of Gilgamesh: An English Verison with an Introduction ImageThe Epic of Gilgamesh: An English Verison with an Introduction
by Anonymous
Penguin Classics; Published: 1960-12-30; Paperback; Book
Best price: $3.00
Price in other shops: $11.00
Contemporary Environmental Issues ImageContemporary Environmental Issues
by SLATTERY MICHAEL
Kendall Hunt Publishing; Published: 1220-10; Paperback; Book
Best price: $29.95
Price in other shops: $41.99
Repairing the American Metropolis: Common Place Revisited (Samuel and Althea Stroum Books) ImageRepairing the American Metropolis: Common Place Revisited (Samuel and Althea Stroum Books)
by Douglas Kelbaugh
University of Washington Press; Published: 2002-08-09; Paperback; Book
Best price: $32.95
The Great Big Book of Horrible Things: The Definitive Chronicle of History's 100 Worst Atrocities ImageThe Great Big Book of Horrible Things: The Definitive Chronicle of History's 100 Worst Atrocities
by Matthew White
W. W. Norton & Company; Published: 2011-11-07; Hardcover; Book
Best price: $21.85
Price in other shops: $35.00
The End of War ImageThe End of War
by John Horgan
McSweeney's; Published: 2012-01-17; Hardcover; Book
Best price: $10.47
Price in other shops: $22.00
The Designer's Atlas of Sustainability: Charting the Conceptual Landscape through Economy, Ecology, and Culture ImageThe Designer's Atlas of Sustainability: Charting the Conceptual Landscape through Economy, Ecology, and Culture
by Ann Thorpe
Island Press; Published: 2007-06-20; Paperback; Book
Best price: $42.19
Price in other shops: $50.00