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Freethinkers: A History of American Secularism by Susan Jacoby
Book Summary InformationAuthor: Susan Jacoby Edition: Paperback Audio: English (Unknown); English (Original Language); English (Published) Published: 2005-01-07 ISBN: 0805077766 Number of pages: 448 Publisher: Holt Paperbacks
Book Reviews of Freethinkers: A History of American SecularismBook Review: Misses the Mark Summary: 1 Stars
After reading the better part of 83 reviews, I could not find the dissenting voice I was looking for. So I took it upon myself to write it.
I admire the specificity and accuracy of the author's scholarship. But she uses selectivity to support broad generalizations for a desirable impression. And when it comes to the most important issue to modern readers; namely, explaining why we had religious fundies in the White House at the beginning of the 21st century, I think she not only misses the mark - but nearly the whole target.
First of all, the birth of America from the `Age of Enlightenment and Reason', and the prevalence of the secularist tradition throughout our history should not be such shocking news to modern readers. The fact that it is news to many reviewers speaks to the sorry state of American education, something the author addresses in her 2008 book.
The history of our young nation has been one of a balance between faith and reason; sometimes antagonistic, sometimes symbiotic. The great scholar of comparative religion, Huston Smith, once said in an interview, that if Sweden is the most secular country in the world and India the most religious country, then America is a country of Indians ruled by Swedes. The wealthier and more educated the American, the more likely they are to be secularists. For all the care the author takes to make sure that secularists are given due credit along with religious leaders for such achievements as the abolition of slavery, she scarcely mentions this secular / religious dichotomy between the privileged and commoners. And this is very important because we all tend to read and respect the words of wealthier and more educated people.
The second misrepresentation is her equating the black struggle for freedom with the women's movement. She speaks of a "southern society based on the ownership of men by other men and the infantilization of women by the same men." (page 67) She also wrote, "Religious conservatives today are the ones who are mistaken in their insistence that the antislavery movement had nothing to do with Enlightenment values - values that would, in turn, be adopted and adapted by abolitionist women who wished no less for themselves than they wished for slaves." (p71)
There is something seriously amiss with this comparison. The truth is that most white men did not own slaves or have much power. And life was tough for most white women as well. But they were both much better off than their black counterparts who were born to work and die, who were bought and sold, who suffered the lash, who served as concubines, and were used to breed more slaves for the profit and benefit of their white male and female owners. White women didn't have the children they gave birth to, the children they breast fed, sold off at an owner's discretion. We live such comfortable lives now that we have trouble imagining what life as a slave was like. It's a disgrace to speak in the same breath of the relationship of master and slave to that of a husband and wife, and terribly unfair to black Americans and the black struggle; a gross misrepresentation of history.
But her greatest error, I believe, comes from her inability to see the true cause of the resurgence of fundamentalism in the 1980s. The battle between faith and reason had always been one of each side claiming to be holier than thou. On page 148 the author acknowledges the role of faith in secularism.
"Freethinkers did not hesitate to describe atheism and agnosticism as faiths like any other, often using the term religion in a secular sense to define an ethical and metaphysical system grounded in the search for truth rather than in the conviction of having found the truth." - Susan Jacoby, Freethinkers, 2004 (p148)
This sort of `faith' is not what the Bush administration had in mind when they put forth a `faith-based initiative'. Susan Jacoby recognizes the spirit of secularism.
The modern culture war was forged in the sixties, in the light of post-colonialism, and as a result of the frustration of the Vietnam War. There was a reassessment of all Western values, whether secular or religious. For the first time in our history both traditional religion and the Enlightenment project were suspect. Reason and Truth were under attack by postmodernists. Science and the `technocracy' were under attack. The two sources of spiritual strength: religion, emerging from the Judeo-Christian tradition, and the nation, emerging from the Enlightenment project, collapsed under this pressure of intense criticism. Add to this trauma, the three-prong assault on the family by (1) the sexual revolution, (2) the divorce revolution, and (3) the women's career revolution, and we were left with a perfect storm of mythic disintegration: church, nation, family... say goodbye to all that.
Listen, I'm not a fundamentalist. The road to hell was paved with good intentions. I'm just trying to explain how we arrived at a pseudo-theocracy in the White House in the 21st century. We had the spiritual wind taken out of our sails in the late sixties and early seventies. But it's important to realize that it was both a religious and a secular crisis. Here are some titles that address the loss of spirit in the university:
1.) When dreams and heroes died : a portrait of today's college student, Arther Levine, 1980
2.) The closing of the American mind : how higher education has failed democracy and impoverished the souls of today's students / Allan Bloom, 1988
3.) Landscapes of the Soul: The loss of moral meaning in American life Douglas V. Porpora, 2001
4.) Excellence Without a Soul: How a Great University Forgot Education, Harry R. Lewis, 2006
5.) Education's End: why our colleges and universities have given up on the meaning of life, Anthony T. Kronman, 2007
Of course the `loss of soul' these professors describe has nothing to do with promoting religious fundamentalism. They're addressing the problem of the loss of spirit within the secular sphere.
Susan Jacoby writes:
"This vision of America as a republic founded "for man, and for man alone" - as opposed to a society singularly blessed by and answerable to God - was as controversial a century ago as it remains today. It lies at the heart of the culture wars that began not in the late twentieth century but in the impassioned debate during the golden age of freethought." - Susan Jacoby, Freethinkers, 2004 (p185)
It's the truth but it's not the whole truth. At least it's not the most important aspect of the modern culture wars. As many reviewers have pointed out, Susan Jacoby conveniently ignores the conservative secularist tradition. What emerged out of the turmoil of the late sixties and early seventies, at least in the popular imagination, was an intelligentsia and university system that has little tolerance for the ideas of conservative secularism, and a corresponding religious right that has little tolerance for the ideas of liberal religious thought. The worst voices on both sides do not debate within their own camp but rather launch their attacks on their opponents across the faith / reason divide. The modern culture war has a rather simplistic binary character. Both sides fight their fight, not in the name of some glorious `good' for society, not with an appeal to the spirit of reason and truth, as they were more likely to do in the 19th century, but rather in the quest for more power for their side by whatever means possible. In short, we have lost our faith in transcendent Truth, Justice, and Beauty. All three became merely manifestations of power under the aegis of postmodern thought. Thus, the modern culture war, in its worst form, is the result of a spiritual loss on both sides. And this is where, I contend, Susan Jacoby misses the mark.
Of course, the best secularists and the best religious leaders today have not lost spirit, and recognize and respect this spirit in worthy opponents. But unfortunately, these people are too few and are barely heard in the deluge of the splashy, emotional, dumbed down, media driven personalities we all know and hate.
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I must add, this book is obviously not a one star book. But with so many reviewers I figure my grade won't change the average noticeably, and I thought maybe I could get someone to read my review. It's a marvelous book. I thought her 2008 book on Anti-intellectualism was even better.
Summary of Freethinkers: A History of American Secularism "Jacoby accomplishes her task with clarity, thoroughness, and an engaging passion." -Los Angeles Times Book Review
At a time when the separation of church and state is under attack as never before, Freethinkers offers a powerful defense of the secularist heritage that gave Americans the first government in the world founded not on the authority of religion but on the bedrock of human reason. In impassioned, elegant prose, celebrated author Susan Jacoby traces more than two hundred years of secularist activism, beginning with the fierce debate over the omission of God from the Constitution. Moving from nineteenth-century abolitionism and suffragism through the twentieth century's civil liberties, civil rights, and feminist movements, Freethinkers illuminates the neglected achievements of secularists who, allied with tolerant believers, have led the battle for reform in the past and today.
Rich with such iconic figures as Thomas Jefferson, Abraham Lincoln, Thomas Paine, and the once-famous Robert Green Ingersoll, Freethinkers restores to history the passionate humanists who struggled against those who would undermine the combination of secular government and religious liberty that is the glory of the American system.
Revolution & Founding Books
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