Your Inner Fish: A Journey into the 3.5-Billion-Year History of the Human Body

Your Inner Fish: A Journey into the 3.5-Billion-Year History of the Human Body
by Neil Shubin

Your Inner Fish: A Journey into the 3.5-Billion-Year History of the Human Body
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Book Summary Information

Author: Neil Shubin
Edition: Hardcover
Audio: English (Unknown); English (Original Language); English (Published)
Published: 2008-01-15
ISBN: 0375424474
Number of pages: 240
Publisher: Pantheon

Book Reviews of Your Inner Fish: A Journey into the 3.5-Billion-Year History of the Human Body

Book Review: No Stress Paleontology 101
Summary: 5 Stars

Chapter I - We can make predictions and find versions of our ancesters in ancient rocks. Fossils are easier to find if you know where to find rocks the right age and rocks of the right type. Shubin takes us on a trip to the Canadian Arctic, looking for a specific type fossil - a transitional species between fish and amphibians that his team predicted should be found in rocks made from sediment 375 million years old. It took them six summers of searching, but they found Tiktaalik in 2004, named with the help of local Inuit Indians.

Chapter II - We can trace similar bones all the way from fish to humans. Be it tyrannosaurus, bat, bird, seal, or human, despite radical changes in what limbs do or look like, an underlying blueprint is in place - one bone in the upper part, two bones in the lower part, a bunch of little bones, then a series of rods. Fish fins don't have any obvious similarities until subjected to a closer examination. That examination shows that our basic skeleton emerged over hundreds of millions of years - first in fish, later in amphibians and reptiles, then in mammals.

Chapter III - The genetic recipe that builds organs can be followed in very different creatures. The fertilized egg does not contain a tiny hand. The hand is built from information contained in the DNA from that single cell. The DNA has sets of "toolkit" genes that are remarkably similar whether you are a human, a fly, or a fish. DNA sequences close to these toolkit genes used to be included in what was called "junk DNA." Now they are known to contain switches, specific to a species, that turn the toolkit genes on and off in a magnificent orchestration during embryonic development, to make the life form dictated by the DNA. The toolkit genes are so similar among species, one lab used work in flies to find a gene in chickens that tells us about human birth defects.

Chapter IV - The biological processes that make teeth, breasts, scales, or feathers are different versions of the same process. Thanks to their hardness, teeth are often the best preserved animal part we find in the fossil record for many time periods. Mammal teeth are distinctly different from reptilian teeth and reveal a lot about its owner. An excavation in this chapter uncovers another exciting fossil.

Chapter V - Skulls may not look like it but they are segmental. The cranial nerves well known to medical students have notoriously circuitous and unlikely pathways from their origins to their end organs. It's easy to compare them to the very ancient but more straightforward cranial nerve arrangement of sharks. Our cranial nerve pathways are circuitous and unlikely because as functions changed and structures were modified, the nerve pathways followed suit. Just as teeth, genes, and limbs have been repurposed over the ages, so, too, has the basic structure of our head.

Chapter VI - More about toolkit genes, body plans, and body symmetry. Powerful evidence for a common genetic recipe for animal bodies is found when we swap genes between vastly unlike species. Take the "Noggin" toolkit gene from a sea anemone and inject it into a frog embryo. Result: a frog with extra back structures, the same as if the frog were injected with its own Noggin gene.

Chapter VII - Take the entire 4.5 billion-year history of the earth and scale it down to a single year with Jan 1 being the origin of the earth and midnight on December 31st being the present. Until June, the only organisms were single-celled microbes, such as algae, bacteria, and amoebae. The first animal with a head did not appear until October. The first human appears on December 31. We are recent party-crashers on earth.

Chapter VIII - Hundreds of useless olfactory genes in our DNA are left over from ancestors who used them. They become more and more dissimilar as we compare them with the olfactory genes of more and more primitive creatures. That baggage is a silent witness to our past.

Chapter IX - Our camera-like eye is common to every creature with a skull. Insects, humans, clams, and scallops all use the same light-capturing molecule. We have good evidence these molecules came directly from bacteria that used them for another purpose. The toolkit gene Pax 6 controls the development of eyes in every creature that has eyes. The mouse equivalent of the Pax 6 gene has been activated in various spots on a fly, for example, on the fly's leg. The mouse gene produces a new eye at that spot - and not just any eye - a fly eye.

Chapter X - The ear is a remarkable Rube Goldberg apparatus. There is a beautiful transitional series from reptiles to mammals showing that the malleus and the incus of mammals' middle ears evolved from bones set in the back of the jaws of reptiles. But it doesn't stop there. Genes responsible for our ears can be traced back to jellyfish.

Chapter XI - Our fish to human framework is so strongly supported scientists no longer try to marshall evidence for it. The exercise is like peeling an onion, exposing layer after layer of history. The pattern of descent with modification is deeply etched inside our bodies, and is matched by the geological record. The jerry-rigging from being forced to use remanufactured parts has resulted in a less than perfect product - hiccups, hernias, back pain, joints that don't last long enough, and sleep apnea - to name a few.

Shubin's writing is uncomplicated and clear - perfect for anyone regardless of their state of literacy in the sciences, and refreshingly unblemished by any suggestions of controversy. I recommend it highly.

Summary of Your Inner Fish: A Journey into the 3.5-Billion-Year History of the Human Body

Why do we look the way we do? What does the human hand have in common with the wing of a fly? Are breasts, sweat glands, and scales connected in some way? To better understand the inner workings of our bodies and to trace the origins of many of today's most common diseases, we have to turn to unexpected sources: worms, flies, and even fish.

Neil Shubin, a leading paleontologist and professor of anatomy who discovered Tiktaalik?the "missing link" that made headlines around the world in April 2006?tells the story of evolution by tracing the organs of the human body back millions of years, long before the first creatures walked the earth. By examining fossils and DNA, Shubin shows us that our hands actually resemble fish fins, our head is organized like that of a long-extinct jawless fish, and major parts of our genome look and function like those of worms and bacteria.

Shubin makes us see ourselves and our world in a completely new light. Your Inner Fish is science writing at its finest?enlightening, accessible, and told with irresistible enthusiasm.
Oliver Sacks on Your Inner Fish
Since the 1970 publication of Migraine, neurologist Oliver Sacks's unusual and fascinating case histories of "differently brained" people and phenomena--a surgeon with Tourette's syndrome, a community of people born totally colorblind, musical hallucinations, to name a few--have been marked by extraordinary compassion and humanity, focusing on the patient as much as the condition. His books include The Man Who Mistook His Wife for a Hat, Awakenings (which inspired the Oscar-nominated film), and 2007's Musicophilia. He lives in New York City, where he is Professor of Clinical Neurology at Columbia University.

Your Inner Fish is my favorite sort of book--an intelligent, exhilarating, and compelling scientific adventure story, one which will change forever how you understand what it means to be human.

The field of evolutionary biology is just beginning an exciting new age of discovery, and Neil Shubin's research expeditions around the world have redefined the way we now look at the origins of mammals, frogs, crocodiles, tetrapods, and sarcopterygian fish--and thus the way we look at the descent of humankind. One of Shubin's groundbreaking discoveries, only a year and a half ago, was the unearthing of a fish with elbows and a neck, a long-sought evolutionary "missing link" between creatures of the sea and land-dwellers.

My own mother was a surgeon and a comparative anatomist, and she drummed it into me, and into all of her students, that our own anatomy is unintelligible without a knowledge of its evolutionary origins and precursors. The human body becomes infinitely fascinating with such knowledge, which Shubin provides here with grace and clarity. Your Inner Fish shows us how, like the fish with elbows, we carry the whole history of evolution within our own bodies, and how the human genome links us with the rest of life on earth.

Shubin is not only a distinguished scientist, but a wonderfully lucid and elegant writer; he is an irrepressibly enthusiastic teacher whose humor and intelligence and spellbinding narrative make this book an absolute delight. Your Inner Fish is not only a great read; it marks the debut of a science writer of the first rank.

(Photo © Elena Seibert)

A Note from Author Neil Shubin

This book grew out of an extraordinary circumstance in my life. On account of faculty departures, I ended up directing the human anatomy course at the University of Chicago medical school. Anatomy is the course during which nervous first-year medical students dissect human cadavers while learning the names and organization of most of the organs, holes, nerves, and vessels in the body. This is their grand entrance to the world of medicine, a formative experience on their path to becoming physicians. At first glance, you couldn't have imagined a worse candidate for the job of training the next generation of doctors: I'm a fish paleontologist.

It turns out that being a paleontologist is a huge advantage in teaching human anatomy. Why? The best roadmaps to human bodies lie in the bodies of other animals. The simplest way to teach students the nerves in the human head is to show them the state of affairs in sharks. The easiest roadmap to their limbs lies in fish. Reptiles are a real help with the structure of the brain. The reason is that the bodies of these creatures are simpler versions of ours.

During the summer of my second year leading the course, working in the Arctic, my colleagues and I discovered fossil fish that gave us powerful new insights into the invasion of land by fish over 375 million years ago. That discovery and my foray into teaching human anatomy led me to a profound connection. That connection became this book.

Click on thumbnails for larger images

The crew removing the first Tiktaalik in 2004
Ted Daeschler and Neil Shubin propecting for new sites (Credit: Andrew Gillis)
The valley where Tiktaalik was discovered (credit: Ted Daeschler, Academy of Natural Sciences)

The models of Tiktaalik being constructed for exhibition (Tyler Keillor, University of Chicago)
Me with one of the models (John Weinstein, Field Museum)






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